1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform1. 2-Channel Perfect Reconstruction Filter Bank
The analysis filter bank decomposes the input signal x(n) into two subband signals, c(n) and d(n). The signal c(n) represents the low frequency (or coarse) part of x(n), while the signal d(n) represents the high frequency (or detail) part of x(n). The analysis filter bank first filters x(n) using a lowpass and a highpass filter. We denote the lowpass filter by af1 (analysis filter 1) and
the highpass filter by af2 (analysis filter 2). As shown in the figure, the output of each filter is then down-sampled by 2 to obtain the two subband signals, c(n) and d(n). The Matlab program below, afb.m, implements the analysis filter bank. The program uses the Matlab function upfirdn (in the Signal Processing Toolbox) to implement the filtering and downsampling.
Table 1.1 Matlab function afb.m
function [lo, hi] = afb(x, af) % [lo, hi] = afb(x, af) % % Analysis filter bank % x -- N-point vector (N even); the resolution should be 2x filter length % % af -- analysis filters % af(:, 1): lowpass filter (even length) % af(:, 2): highpass filter (even length) % % lo: Low frequency % hi: High frequency % N = length(x); L = length(af)/2; x = cshift(x,-L); % lowpass filter lo = upfirdn(x, af(:,1), 1, 2); lo(1:L) = lo(N/2+[1:L]) + lo(1:L); lo = lo(1:N/2); % highpass filter hi = upfirdn(x, af(:,2), 1, 2); hi(1:L) = hi(N/2+[1:L]) + hi(1:L); hi = hi(1:N/2); The synthesis filter bank combines the two subband signals c(n) and d(n) to obtain a single signal y(n). The synthesis filter bank first up-samples each of the two subband signals. The signals are then filtered using a lowpass and a highpass filter. We denote the lowpass filter by sf1 (synthesis filter 1) and the highpass filter by sf2 (synthesis filter 2). The signals are then added together to obtain the signal y(n). If the four filters are designed so as to guarantee that the output signal y(n) equals the input signal x(n), then the filters are said to satisfy the perfect reconstruction condition. The Matlab program below, sfb.m, implements the synthesis filter bank.
Table 1.2 Matlab function sfb.m
function y = sfb(lo, hi, sf) % y = sfb(lo, hi, sf) % % Synthesis filter bank % % lo - low frqeuency signal % hi - high frequency signal % sf - synthesis filters % sf(:, 1) - lowpass filter (even length) % sf(:, 2) - highpass filter (even length) % % y - output N = 2*length(lo); L = length(sf); lo = upfirdn(lo, sf(:,1), 2, 1); hi = upfirdn(hi, sf(:,2), 2, 1); y = lo + hi; y(1:L-2) = y(1:L-2) + y(N+[1:L-2]); y = y(1:N); y = cshift(y, 1-L/2); There are many sets of filters that satisfy the perfect reconstruction conditions. One set of filters, from [AS-2001], is shown in the Table below. These filters are approximately symmetric. Table 1.3 Analysis and synthesis filters (farras.m) -------------------------------------------------------- af1 af2 sf1 sf2 -------------------------------------------------------- 0 -0.0112 0.0112 0 0 0.0112 0.0112 0 -0.0884 0.0884 -0.0884 -0.0884 0.0884 0.0884 0.0884 -0.0884 0.6959 -0.6959 0.6959 0.6959 0.6959 0.6959 0.6959 -0.6959 0.0884 -0.0884 0.0884 0.0884 -0.0884 -0.0884 -0.0884 0.0884 0.0112 0 0 0.0112 0.0112 0 0 -0.0112 -------------------------------------------------------- The following code fragment shows an example of how to use the Matlab functions, afb.m and sfb.m. This example verifies the perfect reconstruction property. First, we create a random input signal x of length 64. Then the analysis and synthesis filters are obtained with the Matlab function farras.m. The two subband signals (here called lo and hi) are computed with the function afb.m. The output signal y is then computed using the Matlab function sfb.m. The maximum value of the error x - y is computed, and it is equal to zero (within computer precision). This verifies the perfect reconstruction property.
A couple of remarks about the programs afb.m and sfb.m. Suppose the input signal x(n) is of length N. For convenience, we will like the subband signals c(n) and d(n) to each be of length N/2. However, these subband signals will exceed this length by L/2, where L is the length of the analysis filters. 2. Discrete Wavelet Transform (Iterated Filter Banks)
The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) gives a multiscale representation of a signal x(n).
The DWT is implemented by iterating the 2-channel analysis filter bank described above.
Specifically, the DWT of a signal is obtained by recursively applying the lowpass/highpass frequency
decomposition to the lowpass output as illustrated in the diagram. The diagram illustrates a 3-scale DWT.
The DWT of the signal x is the collection of subband signals. The inverse DWT is obtained by iteratively applying
the synthesis filter bank. The Matlab function dwt.m below computes the J-scale discrete wavelet transform w of the signal x. We use the cell array data structure of Matlab to store the subband signals. For j = 1..J, w{j} is the high frequency subband signal produced at stage j. w{J+1} is the low frequency subband signal produced at stage J.
Table 1.4 Matlab function dwt.m
function w = dwt(x, J, af) % Discrete 1-D Wavelet Transform % % w = dwt(x, J, af) % x : 1-by-N data vector; the resolution should be 2^J times filter length % J : number of stages % af : analysis filters % af(:, 1) - lowpass filter % af(:, 2) - highpass filter % % w{k} : % k = 1..J+1 for k = 1:J [x w{k}] = afb(x, af); end w{J+1} = x; The inverse DWT is computed with the Matlab function idwt.m. The perfect reconstruction of the DWT is verified in the following example. First we create a random input signal x of length 64. Then the analysis and synthesis filters are obtained with the Matlab function farras.m. The 3-scale DWT is computed with the function dwt.m. The inverse DWT is then computed to get the signal y. As verified below, y = x within computer precision.
The wavelet associated with a set of synthesis filters can be computed using the following Matlab code fragment. In this example, we set all of the wavelet coefficients to zero, for the exception of one wavelet coefficient which is set to one. We then take the inverse wavelet transform.
Other sets of filters will produce different wavelets. Summary of programs:
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